Eco–Friendly Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Tinospora cordifolia Stem Extract: Characterization and Enhanced Antifungal Efficacy

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ABSTRACT

The rise in fungal infections and the growing resistance of pathogenic strains to conventional antifungal agents necessitate the development of eco-friendly and effective alternatives. This study explores the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Tinospora cordifolia stem extract, a medicinal plant renowned for its broad-spectrum therapeutic properties. The phytochemicals present in the extract served as both reducing and stabilizing agents, facilitating the formation of stable ZnO NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. SEM analysis confirmed the spherical morphology of the nanoparticles with an average size of 40 nm, while EDX verified the elemental composition, revealing a high zinc content (85%) and oxygen (19%). FTIR spectra identified functional groups from plant-derived biomolecules that contributed to nanoparticle stabilization. The antifungal efficacy of ZnO NPs was evaluated against Schizophyllum commune, demonstrating a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect. At concentrations of 100 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm, the inhibition percentages were ≈47.06%, ≈85.88%, and ≈88.24%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of Tinospora cordifolia-mediated ZnO NPs as a sustainable antifungal agent. The study underscores the advantages of green synthesis, including cost-effectiveness, reduced toxicity, and environmental sustainability, while providing a promising avenue for biomedical applications in combating fungal infections.

Significance of the Study:

This study highlights the eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Tinospora cordifolia stem extract, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods. The biosynthesized NPs exhibit strong antifungal activity against Schizophyllum commune, demonstrating their potential as a novel antifungal agent. The findings contribute to green nanotechnology by utilizing medicinal plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis, reducing environmental toxicity, and providing a cost-effective approach for biomedical and agricultural applications against fungal pathogens.

Summary of the Study:

ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using Tinospora cordifolia stem extract and characterized via UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The NPs showed a spherical morphology (40 nm) and significant antifungal activity, with 88.24% inhibition at 1000 ppm. The study confirms the effectiveness of plant-mediated green synthesis in producing stable, bioactive nanoparticles, suggesting their potential in antifungal formulations, crop protection, and medical applications while promoting sustainable nanotechnology practices.