Nanoparticles for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems: Innovations, Applications, and Future Perspectives in Nanomedicine

• Authors
• Authors and affiliations

ABSTRACT

Nanotechnology, first conceptualized by Richard Feynman in 1959, has revolutionized science and medicine by enabling precise manipulation at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles (NPs), defined as structures with at least one dimension below 100 nm, exhibit unique physicochemical properties that make them indispensable in biomedical applications, particularly in diagnostics and drug delivery. Their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, tunable surface chemistry, and ability to encapsulate therapeutic agents allow for enhanced pharmacokinetics, targeted tissue delivery, and reduced systemic toxicity. In oncology, RNA-conjugated nanoparticles enable selective drug release at tumor sites, minimizing off-target effects. Polymeric nanoparticles—such as liposomes, dendrimers, and silica-based carriers—improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Green nanotechnology further advances sustainability by employing plant-based synthesis methods, reducing environmental impact while maintaining efficacy. DNA nanotechnology represents another frontier, where programmable nanostructures facilitate precision medicine through gene correction and personalized therapies. Despite these advancements, challenges persist in regulatory compliance, safety, and ethical considerations. Ensuring nanoparticle biocompatibility, long-term toxicity profiles, and scalable manufacturing remains critical for clinical translation. Regulatory frameworks must evolve to address these concerns while fostering innovation. This review comprehensively examines nanoparticle synthesis, characterization techniques, and functional applications in drug delivery. It highlights breakthroughs in nanobiotechnology, including gene therapy and stimuli-responsive systems, while addressing barriers to commercialization. By integrating interdisciplinary research, nanotechnology continues to redefine medical paradigms, offering transformative solutions for cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. The future of nanomedicine lies in harmonizing innovation with sustainability, ensuring safe and equitable healthcare advancements.

Significance of the Study:

This study highlights the transformative role of nanoparticles (NPs) in advancing drug delivery systems and precision medicine. By leveraging their unique properties—such as targeted delivery, stimuli-responsiveness, and biocompatibility—NPs address critical challenges in treating cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. The integration of green nanotechnology and AI-driven design further enhances sustainability and efficacy. However, regulatory, safety, and scalability hurdles must be overcome to ensure clinical translation. This work underscores NPs’ potential to revolutionize healthcare while advocating for equitable access and ethical innovation.

Summary of the Study:

Nanoparticles (NPs) enable breakthroughs in drug delivery through targeted, stimuli-responsive systems like liposomes and dendrimers, improving therapeutic outcomes in oncology and neurology. Innovations in green synthesis and DNA nanotechnology enhance sustainability and precision. Challenges include regulatory standardization, toxicity assessment, and scalable production. Future prospects involve AI-optimized designs, gene-editing carriers, and personalized nanomedicine. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical frameworks are vital for translating lab advancements into clinical practice, ensuring NPs redefine 21st-century medicine safely and equitably.