Balancing the Essentiality and Genotoxicity of Copper: A Review

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ABSTRACT

Copper is an indispensable trace element necessary for the survival and proper functioning of nearly all living organisms, including humans. It plays a pivotal role in key physiological and biochemical processes, including energy production, iron metabolism, collagen synthesis, and neurotransmitter production. The distribution of copper and its transport proteins in the brain is crucial for maintaining cellular functions. However, disturbances in copper homeostasis can lead to severe neurological disorders and various health complications. This review delves into copper’s dual role as both an essential nutrient and a toxic agent. Excess copper accumulation can induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genotoxicity, which are linked to its potential in causing chronic diseases. Special attention is given to copper nanoparticles and copper-based anticancer drugs, exploring their promising therapeutic applications alongside their toxicological profiles. We also provide insights into the mechanisms underlying copper-induced genotoxicity and discuss regulatory challenges in copper metabolism. This comprehensive review offers a critical assessment of copper’s multifaceted role, addressing its benefits, risks, and future research directions. 

Significance of the Study:

This review highlights the dual role of copper, a vital trace element, in maintaining essential biological functions and its potential to cause genotoxicity when accumulated in excess. The work is significant as it delves into copper’s necessity in processes like energy production and neurotransmitter synthesis, while also addressing the risks of oxidative stress and DNA damage linked to copper overload. It emphasizes the therapeutic potential of copper-based drugs and nanoparticles, offering insights for future research on balancing its essentiality and toxicity.

Summary of the Study:

This review explores copper’s crucial role as both an essential nutrient and a toxic element, focusing on its involvement in energy production, iron metabolism, and enzyme activity. While copper is indispensable for life, excess accumulation can cause oxidative stress and genotoxicity, leading to chronic health issues. The review also examines copper nanoparticles and anticancer drugs, discussing their therapeutic promise alongside their toxic effects. It provides a comprehensive analysis of copper’s multifaceted role, emphasizing the need for balanced intake and further research into its toxicological profile.